開啟AI情感朗讀功能。歡迎大家點擊體驗！
《理想国》reference_book_ids":[7124986336406146062,7137227068948876295,7007741213537209352]}],"81":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":81,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":4,"start_container_index":81,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":0},"quote_content":"《论语》reference_book_ids":[7255253493282245671]}],"88":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":88,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":54,"start_container_index":88,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":48},"quote_content":"《资治通鉴》reference_book_ids":[7077845868786764830,7077845868778359816,7078185810025008142,7077845868795153438,6883440117109754887,7220732984675011618,7255253493617789988,7077845868790942727]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":88,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":99,"start_container_index":88,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":93},"quote_content":"《资治通鉴》reference_book_ids":[7077845868786764830,7077845868778359816,7078185810025008142,7077845868795153438,6883440117109754887,7220732984675011618,7255253493617789988,7077845868790942727]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":88,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":54,"start_container_index":88,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":48},"quote_content":"《资治通鉴》reference_book_ids":[7077845868786764830,7077845868778359816,7078185810025008142,7077845868795153438,6883440117109754887,7220732984675011618,7255253493617789988,7077845868790942727]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":88,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":99,"start_container_index":88,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":93},"quote_content":"《资治通鉴》reference_book_ids":[7077845868786764830,7077845868778359816,7078185810025008142,7077845868795153438,6883440117109754887,7220732984675011618,7255253493617789988,7077845868790942727]}],"40":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":40,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":17,"start_container_index":40,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":13},"quote_content":"《史记》reference_book_ids":[7071200596837010446,7085661452316445733,7267090239162682427,6833642850618444808,6959122730671164446]}],"8":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":8,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":68,"start_container_index":8,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":62},"quote_content":"《德川家康》reference_book_ids":[6909003732202032136,7148737651422563365,6985042926401227783]}],"36":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":36,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":179,"start_container_index":36,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":173},"quote_content":"《颜氏家训》reference_book_ids":[7217765721718131716]}],"58":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":58,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":27,"start_container_index":58,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":21},"quote_content":"《三国演义》reference_book_ids":[7023706537877064711,7257453146853608507,6890728370670144526,7078184356296002568,7229640720594766906,7233628637570796605,6838936284967209991,7220732984595319869]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":58,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":122,"start_container_index":58,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":116},"quote_content":"《三国演义》reference_book_ids":[7023706537877064711,7257453146853608507,6890728370670144526,7078184356296002568,7229640720594766906,7233628637570796605,6838936284967209991,7220732984595319869]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":58,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":27,"start_container_index":58,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":21},"quote_content":"《三国演义》reference_book_ids":[7023706537877064711,7257453146853608507,6890728370670144526,7078184356296002568,7229640720594766906,7233628637570796605,6838936284967209991,7220732984595319869]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":58,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":122,"start_container_index":58,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":116},"quote_content":"《三国演义》reference_book_ids":[7023706537877064711,7257453146853608507,6890728370670144526,7078184356296002568,7229640720594766906,7233628637570796605,6838936284967209991,7220732984595319869]}],"78":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":78,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":20,"start_container_index":78,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":16},"quote_content":"《周礼》reference_book_ids":[7224859397342628868]},{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":78,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":79,"start_container_index":78,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":75},"quote_content":"《论语》reference_book_ids":[7255253493282245671]}],"0":[{"annotation_type":"0pos_info_v2":{"end_container_index":0,"end_element_index":0,"end_element_offset":12,"start_container_index":0,"start_element_index":0,"start_element_offset":7},"quote_content":"《红楼梦》reference_book_ids":[6838936275928484877,7267077385848097832,7012517992130939934,7257455404240604215,7233628637428190242,6890728374843477006,7255203659015785531]}]},"author_speak":"code":0,"compress_status":1,"content":" 鲁迅曾说，一本《红楼梦》，“经学家看见《易》，道学家看见淫，才子看见缠绵，革命家看见排满，流言家看见宫闱秘事”。可谓“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”。从不同的角度去看历史，同样会有不同的收获。从政治的角度看来是失败，但是从学术的角度兴许又是成功；从小处看是进步，从大处看又是倒退。如此看历史，看到的是另一番景象。
通史，打通历史的主脉
1961年，钱穆应香港一个学术机构的邀请，前去讲解历史研究的方法。这时的钱穆已经离开内地十二载，他在香港成立新亚书院，并获得香港政府的嘉奖，被推为国史研究的权威。在钱穆开讲历史研究方法之前，他首先提出了一个问题：为何要研究中国史？
钱穆对此的回答是，“中国人当知道些中国史”。中国史讲的中国人的本原和来历，我们知道了中国史，才算知道了中国人，知道了中国人的真实性与可能性、特异性与优良性。我们也可以说，知道了中国史才算知道了我们自己。譬如认识一位朋友，不能单在他的高矮胖瘦上去认识，还该知道一些他以往的历史，如姓名、籍贯、学历、性情、才干等，才算是知道认识了这个朋友。我们不仅要认识我们的以往，还要认识我们的将来。若非研究历史，这些都无从知晓。
“中国人当知道些中国史”，这个观点钱穆很早便在他的《国史大纲》前言中提到过。如何知道中国几千年的历史呢？钱穆提出了三种方法。
一是由上而下、从古到今，按照时代先后来作通体的研究。学习需要有一个起点，由此达彼，学习历史亦然。“例如这讲台上有茶杯，我知道它是茶杯，同时即知道旁的东西非茶杯。我虽未知此许多东西是何物，但起码已知道了它决不是一茶杯。”如果读了《左传》，明白了春秋时代是怎么回事，再读战国史时，就能明白战国与春秋的不同。一般学历史者，都是从古到今、从先而后地顺次读下来，但“一部二十四史，不知从何说起”，几乎所有的历史典籍都可以作为历史材料来读，这样的学习方法需要花大工夫。
另一种研究历史的途径，就是自下溯上，自今到古，由现代逆追到古代去。这也就是从现在生活的任何一方面开始，无论是政治的、社会的、经济的、学术思想的，循序上推，寻根究底研究。例如我们今天的国家地理疆域，是如何演变而来的，历代往上查找，最后可以找到中华文化的发祥地，以及历史上周围各区域的归属问题。
还有一种比较灵活的研究历史的途径，就是依照自己的兴趣，以作为研究历史的肇端。例如听人谈到宋史，说起王安石变法与司马光反对新法，忽然引起兴趣，便不妨从此一处起，来学习宋史。从这里能有所体悟，欲罢不能，便延伸到其他处去，慢慢了解到整个宋代的历史，最后愈推愈远。比如受了某一师友的影响，或偶然读到一本新书，而得了某一项启示，因而引起了研究历史的兴趣和动机，也尽从此入手。汉武帝、曹操是我们耳熟能详的历史人物，但我们不能只知道一个是红面、一个是黑面，要能从容不迫，沉潜深入，渐渐能穷原竟委，鞭辟入里。